Social Class and Education, An Annotated Bibliography Essay

Social Class and Education†. It opens by discussing research conducted in the 1960’s in an effort to identify factors contributing to differences in the academic achievement of Whites and Blacks (Banks Banks, 2013). Researchers hypothesized that the achievement gaps were mainly the result of disparities in school resources and characteristics, but found that there is a high correlation between achievement and socioeconomic status (SES) (Banks Banks, 2013). Furthermore, attention is drawn to the class stratification which exists in our educational system and works to maintain inequality through exclusion strategies such as ability grouping and tracking (Banks Banks, 2013). Evidence of the correlation between social class and†¦show more content†¦Thus, globalization forces researchers to understand the influence of mobility, in addition to education, on social class (Banks Banks, 2013). This articles I chose to investigate social class and its implication s for educational outcomes are Social class and the hidden curriculum of work by Jean Anyon and Reappraising the importance of class in higher education entry and persistence by John Field and Natalie Morgan Klein. Anyon, J. (1980). Social class and the hidden curriculum of work. Journal of Education, (162)1, 67-92. Purpose The purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence of the existence of what the author calls a â€Å"hidden curriculum† in schools by observing the types and differences in school work across a spectrum of social classes (Anyon, 1980, p. 67). The rationale for this study is lies in a body of research suggesting that the type of curriculum offered to students is dependent upon their social class (Anyon, 1980). The curriculum variants observed include: behavior expectations and types of knowledge and skills offered. Consequently, the curriculum differences work to prevent movement across social class and prepare students only for the types of employment typical of their social class (Anyon, 1980). Anyon attempts to draw attention to this topic in the United States, as it had been largely ignored at the time (1980). Methods This was an ethnographical study which investigated the curriculum, evaluation methods, andShow MoreRelatedResearch Proposal And Annotated Bibliography1098 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Proposal and Annotated Bibliography Following the â€Å"Minnesota Career Information System† that Minnesota has a large employment with 9,582 firms for Computer and Information Systems Manager. There have many opportunities for me easy to get a job after graduating college. Moreover, I like to work on the computer to operate the whole system for a company. I also want to lead my team to bring more efficiently and create new computer hardware or software to promote my company development. 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Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay - 1310 Words

The Dangers of Indifference: Reactions to Missionaries in Things Fall Apart In Things Fall Apart, post-colonial author Chinua Achebe is effectively telling two distinct but related stories. The first establishes the traditions and customs of the Ibo people, particularly those living in the powerful village of Umuofia, while the second documents the culture clash between the old ways of the Ibo clan and the newly arrived white man, all of which is connected by the common thread of the fall of the tragic hero, disgraced warrior Okonkwo. Unsurprisingly, the demarcation between these two halves falls right at the point of the arrival of Christian missionaries in the region. Achebe’s episodic chapter style details a plethora of different reactions to this by the Ibo people, which can be broken up into three groups; acts of violence and rebellion, conversion and the embrace of Christianity, and relative inaction and indifference. All three reactions played roles in the downfall of the Ibo clan, but the most damaging in Achebe’s view is the actions of those who decided to ignore the new dynamic of the white man’s presence, and through their arrogance lead the African people as a whole to cultural eradication. While far less common than conversion and indifference, the use of violence in reaction to the arrival of missionaries and the white man in general tends to play a pivotal role when it does pop up. For example, the first time Okonkwo hears of the appearance of whiteShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1719 Words   |  7 PagesThings fall apart is a classic novel written around the turn of the century, the novel focuses on the protagonist who we can also call a hero, Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a wealthy and respected leader within the Igbo tribe of Umuofia in eastern Nigeria. Strong individual with a passionate belief in all the values and traditions of his people. 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The theme of culture isRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1248 Words   |  5 PagesChris Lowndes Ms. Cook A.P.L.C. 21 October 2015 We Are Family: Hardships in One s Family in Things Fall Apart Specific attributes correlate with each other to help create or not create the ideal strong family. However, through those attributes arise conflicts and major disputes. This issue of trying to achieve and create a strong family is of immense importance in one’s life, especially in Chinua Achebe’s, Things Fall Apart, a milestone in African literature. For instance, the father leaves his legacyRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagescertain degree of the priest class, libation, holidays, creation stories, divine systems of punishments and rewards. In the novel, Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a story of tragic fall of a protagonist and the Igbo culture. Achebe demonstrates different examples and situations of where an African culture, in the instances of tribal religions, did certain things because of their tradition is and the way they developed into. African cultures pondered life mysteries and articulated theirRead Mo reChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1314 Words   |  6 PagesChinua Achebe masterpiece â€Å"Things Fall Apart† (1959) is the classic story of Okonkwo, a young man who strives to be revered by his village and family but because of his own internal character flaws meets his own demise. In the Igbo culture, family traditions are an important narrative throughout the novel. Okonkwo, the protagonist character of this story, begins with many attributes of what would be concluded as a hero with his cultural society. He is hard working, a material provider, feared and

Individual Report of Starbucks Coffee Shop organization

Question: Describe about individual report of starbucks coffee shop organization? Answer: Introduction: The study of this assignment is to identify the component activities for Starbucks Coffee Shop organization and to evaluate the performance objectives used by Starbucks Coffee Shop. The five points discussed in this assignment is Quality, Flexibility, Dependability, Speed, Cost structure of Starbucks Coffee Shop. Background of the company: Starbucks Starbucks Corporation is a global coffee company. They are doing a business of coffee house chain. The company is mainly based in Seattle, Washington. Since, the year 1971 Starbucks Corporation is running their business in United Kingdom. Starbucks is one of the largest coffee house companies in the world. Starbucks rival company is Costa Coffee. Starbucks mainly serves hot and cold beverages, whole bean coffee, micro ground instant coffee, full leaf teas, pastries and snacks. Five performance objectives: Quality: 1. Ethical consumerism at Starbucks: Starbucks always focuses on the quality of products selling to their customers. This is because Starbucks Company always thinks about the customers health and safety, which are one of the significant for Starbucks Company success in their business. Starbuck Company always ensures that the company is very much clean and hygienic including good service and facilities in the coffee shop. Starbucks Company ensures that they will never sacrifice with their quality of the product (Bowersox, Closs and Cooper, 2007). Their product price is little more comparing with the other brands selling coffee in the western company but Starbucks Company always thinks about their customers health and safety. Corporate social responsibility at Starbucks: Corporate Social Responsibilities also known as CSR is used by the Starbucks Company as a tool. CSR helps Starbucks to build competitive advantage over the rival companies of Starbuck Company. By taking CSR in the Companys account, Starbucks Company belongs with the law to run the business smoothly. And secondly, CSR increased the sales volume of the company and improve financial conditions of the Starbucks Company as well. Flexibility: 1. Environmental Impact In the year 1999 Starbucks started making their business environmental friendly. Starbucks started reducing the paper napkin size and store garbage bags. Starbucks also reduces their daily water consumption for rinsing utensils in a sink which wastes lot of water in rinsing the daily utensils in each store of Starbucks. Once the newspaper reported globally about the wastes of 23.4 million liters of water daily in the stores of Starbucks, Starbucks took the initiative to minimize the daily consumption of water for rinsing utensils. Starbucks replaced dipper well with push button system for rinsing their daily utensils. This strategy of Starbuck of minimizing water consumption saves almost 570 liters of water per day for rinsing their utensils (Mangan, Lalwani and Butcher, 2008). 2. Recycling After minimizing the daily water consumption, Starbucks started serving the coffee in a plastic cups. This plastic cups is one time use. And the material used in manufacturing the cup can be recycled. Suddenly, Starbucks announced that the material of the cup is not very much environment friendly that is why the company will give 15% discount on their product if the customer carries their own cups (Mangan, Lalwani and Butcher, 2008). Once the coffee shop announced the news, the customers of the Starbucks appreciate the decision and started carrying their own cups. Dependability: 1. A Plan For Reorganization: When the management of the Starbucks Corporation planned for reorganization of the Supply Chain of the Company, the management of Starbucks put Gibson in the higher post and tried to sort out the problem faced by the company (Schultz and Gordon, 2011). The first two things that Gibson did after getting the new position is, he found the main problem arises in the supply chain of the company and secondly how to cut the price of the product without compromising the product to the customers. Gibbson tried to focus mainly on the supply chain of their company. A result from cost analysis shows a higher outflow for outsourcing. Moreover, the outsourcing has been employed so that higher value can be generated from supply chain and they can attain success for developing store. Gibbson found an innovative idea and submitted its plan to the companys director. Gibbson plan was outlined to classify supply chain of the firm. Further, structure has been abridged and then Starbucks has to concentrate on the declining the cost related to stores and serve the consumer well. 2. Simplifying the Complex According to Peter D. Gibbson, the Supply Chain structure is quite complex mode of model and that is why Peter D. Gibbson tried to make it much easier so that each task or operation can be executed effectively and the function relating to supply chain can be fulfilled even if any person is involved in any kind of activity such as production planning (Bowersox, Closs and Cooper, 2007). If new product launches in the market by Starbucks then the product will be categorized under planning section. Furthermore, procurement of coffee and non-coffee were considered as major source activities. After the supply chain functions were reorganized, each and every department turned their attention to the second supply chain transformation: reducing cost and improving efficiencies. After this effort, the sourcing group worked on identifying the cost driver which was trying to pushing up the prices of the product of the Starbucks. Meanwhile, the manufacturing group of the Starbucks Company developed a better idea for delivering the coffee beans. They planned to expand the coffee plant of Starbucks so that the transportation cost can be cut down. This will give the Starbucks a new height of profit. Starbucks possesses three different coffee plants in the region of United States of America. The Starbucks Company added the fourth coffee plant in their account in Columbia, South Carolina. In addition to four coffee plants owns by the Starbucks Company in United States Of America, The Starbucks also added coffee plants in Amsterdam, the Netherland into their account. The Starbucks Company also owned Tazo tea subsidiary in Portland, Oregon. This idea creates another problem (Bowersox, Closs and Cooper, 2007). This makes another system comes into the role under Starbucks Company. The system is known as Logistic System. Speed: 1. Operation Management at Starbucks: Starbucks Coffee has turned out to be a well known brand globally. The company has got an amazing supply chain all over the nineteen nations. Starbucks Company collects their Coco beans from one country and collect milk for the making of their coffee from another country. Starbucks Company collects sugar from another country and paper comes from another country. This shows that Starbucks Company did not compromise with their products. They collect best quality product for their customers. This global resources span is a great way for Starbucks to expand company and reach more countries than ever before. Not only that, Starbucks Coffee is able to supply the best ingredients to their customers at a lower price. All the raw materials collected by the Starbucks Company go through various processes. The processes are when all the raw materials are collected by the Starbucks sent to a roasting process then manufacturing process and finally into packaging plant. Starbucks has six roasting centers across the world where Coco beans are prepared (Waters, 2010). This centralized system is very effective. These roasting centers verify that each and every Coco beans are roasted and then manufactured and then ready for packaging. Once the Coco beans are prepared, Starbucks starts the delivering process. The amount of coffee being deliver each day is hundred thousands of pounds, but with over seventy thousand deliveries daily. Starbucks is able to supply each store with adequate amounts of coffee. But, now days the operational cost rising high due to that sales has shown a declining point, the company has enforced a three steps strategy to enhance their supply chain performance, cut the cost and be ready for the future. Before problem arises, Starbucks Corporation serves approx 50 million end users in 51 different nations every week from 16,700 retail stores. But in the year 2008, Starbucks understood that its supply chain was not meeting its goal. During the year 2007 to 2008, Starbucks management realized that in United States of America the sales of Starbucks Coffee shop has gone down to almost 10 percent. After this point, Starbucks management realized that the company was commencing the new stores across the globe to their best level. Moreover, the supply chain of the organization concentrated on gaining higher benefit from the proposed expansion plan. It has been understood that the company was highly involved in expanding their stores that they did not majorly focused o n their supply chain and due to that supply chain resulted to higher cost which further increased the expenses of the company. Therefore, the growth of the company slightly declined. The management of the Starbucks realized that they had to attain equilibrium among the performance and rising cost carried by the company. To transform the supply chain of the Starbucks, the management of the company focused three major factors: Realigning the supply chain for higher benefit from operation Declining the cost to minimum level to generate higher income from stores and effective running of the stores. Planning effective strategy to organize the supply chain to produce quality product. 2. Logistics System Starbucks Company collects their raw coffee beans from Latin America, Africa, and Asia to the United States Of America and Europe. From the port all the raw coffee beans are sending to six storage sites at a roasting plant. When the raw coffee beans were roasted in the roasting plant, it was sent into their distribution centers in USA (Waters, 2010). The Starbucks Company owns two regional distributions and three distributions are operated by the third party logistics companies. It also has two distributions centers in Europe and two in Asia, all of which is operated by the third party logistic companies. Depending on their locations, the stores are supplied by the large regional distribution centers or by small warehouses called central distribution centers. Starbucks use 33 central distribution centers in United States Of America, seven in the Asia region, five in Canada, and three in Europe (Waters, 2010). This causes delivery costs and execution are intertwined. After all this, P eter D. Gibbson and his team analyzed that the Starbuck Company is improving in both the sector. Cost: The Company reduces $ 1 per bag on its coffee beans. As per the recent article the firm earns almost $ 380 million by selling coffee in their coffee shop at a margin of 25.5 %. The firm was gaining almost $ 2.55 per kg. As the company reduces $ 1 per bag on its coffee, they had to sell almost 65 % more bags of Coffee beans to make same profit by selling the companys product. Conclusion: The object of this thesis was to investigate how Starbucks Company succeeds in running their business in profit. As the Starbucks Company was running almost 20 % to 30 % less profit. Keeping this in mind the Starbucks Company management and Peter D. Gibbson identifies the problem that why the company was running in low profit. After identifying the problem the management and Peter D. Gibbson reorganized some plan and implemented all new plans to make the Starbucks Company back into its own track of profit. The management of the Starbucks took three decisions to back into the track of profit are: 1. Organized the Companys supply chain. 2. Cost is reduced by the company and execution is also increased. Recommendation: 1. Recycling and reducing waste: All the wastes that are throwing out by the Starbucks should be recycled else it will hamper the environment. Enormous cups are used daily by the customers of the company which are affecting the environment. These wastes should be take care by the firm so that the environment does not get hamper with these wastes. 2. Building stores in energy saving mode: The firm should build their stores by using energy saving mode. As the firm is consuming plenty of energy and using plenty of water. They should take care of this point. The firm should use LED lights so that the company can consume less electricity. This will cut their electricity bill and the firm can gain more profit from it.3. Starbucks provides premium coffee to their customers which cause high prices of the coffee comparing with the other brands in the western countries. Starbucks Company showed a good environmental concern but other brands provides their coffee to their customers at a very cheap price. So, Starbuck should think about their price strategy to attract more customers. They should provide a good quality product to their customers with cheaper price. Starbucks may provide some price promotions to motivate the customers. Not only the Starbucks customer but it will also motivate the customers of the rival companies of Starbuck s Company. This is an aspect that Starbuck can improve upon. References Schultz, H. and Gordon, J. (2011). Onward. New York, NY: Rodale. Bowersox, D., Closs, D. and Cooper, M. (2007). Supply chain logistics management. Boston, Frazelle, E. (2002). Supply chain strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill. Waters, C. (2010). Global logistics. London: Kogan Page. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C. and Butcher, T. (2008). Global logistics and supply chain management. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons. Behar, H. and Goldstein, J. (2009). It's not about the coffee. New York: Portfolio. Berman, S. (2009). Best gay stories 2009. Maple Shade, NJ: Lethe Press. Gilbert, S. (2009). The story of Starbucks. Mankato, Minn.: Creative Education. Simon, B. (2009). Everything but the coffee. Berkeley: University of California Press. Bussing-Burks, M. (2009). Starbucks. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. Gross, D., Lynd, S. and Keough, T. (2011). Solidarity unionism at Starbucks. Oakland, CA: PM Press. Israel, S. (2009). Twitterville. New York: Portfolio. Michelli, J. (2007). The Starbucks experience. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ryan, R. (2008). Snapshots at St. Arbuck's. Las Vegas, NV: Dream Chasers Media Group, LLC. Schultz, H. (2011). Onward. Chichester: Wiley. Simon, B. (2009). Everything but the coffee. Berkeley, Calif. [u.a.]: Univ. of California Press. Van Vooren, N. (2006). Camping out in the coffee shop world. Fellner, K. (2008). Wrestling with Starbucks. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Gilbert, S. (2008). The story of Starbucks. Mankato, MN: Creative Education. Caudwell, J. (2011). Starbucks in the Stacks. The Serials Librarian, 61(3-4), pp.321-322. Freeburg, C. (2012). Teaching Literature and the Bitter Truth about Starbucks. Profession, 2012(1), pp.25-30. Kalnins, A. and Stroock, L. (2011). Pouring Israel into a Starbucks Cup. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 52(2), pp.135-143. Phillips, M. and Rippin, A. (2010). Howard and the mermaid: abjection and the Starbucks' Foundation memoir. Organization, 17(4), pp.481-499. Zhang, X. (2011). Communicating Coffee Culture through the Big Screen: Starbucks in American Movies. Comparative American Studies, 9(1), pp.68-84.

How can leaders motivate staff in order to improve efficiency and job satisfaction free essay sample

In this essay I shall define motivate, job satisfaction, productivity and leaders. I shall then give a brief history of motivational theories and then discuss McClelland’s Motivational Needs Theory; to explain some methods of how staff can be motivated by analysing the 3 main factors in his theory and explain how these factors can motivate staff and to see if motivation does lead to improved productivity, I shall then analyse this theory and thoughts of other theorists to see if motivation also leads to job satisfaction and conclude the results of my research. Motivate – The Oxford University Press (2014) states motivate is to â€Å"provide (someone) with a reason for doing something: he was primarily motivated by the desire for profit† 2014, 2014, February 26th, Oxford University Press, http://www. oxforddictionaries. com/definition/english/motivate? q=motivate What is Job Satisfaction? Job Satisfaction is when a person/employee is happy or content in their job. What is Productivity? Productivity is a term used to describe a state, quality or fact of being able to generate, create or improve goods and services. For example at the Chocolate Factory the Work Productivity was increased and 10% more chocolate bars were produced than last year. Or the Council’s Productivity increased after a restructure and they managed to provide more services to customers. What is a Leader? A Leader is someone who leads other people; this could be a manager, director, team leader, politician or anyone who leads people, usually staff or one or more people. Motivational Theories There have been many management theorists throughout the years from 1908 (Henry Ford) to 1990 (Dr Stephen Covey) and other theorists/theories onwards from 1990. David McClelland’s Motivational Needs Theory in 1961 identified that there were 3 types of needs for motivation: †¢The Need for Achievement (Goals, Deadlines etc. ) McClelland believed that the Need for Achievement would motivate staff; for example leaders setting goals, targets or deadlines for staff to achieve can motivate their staff to meet these deadlines (or goals) therefore enabling leaders to increase productivity and performance of staff by setting, planning and/or varying these deadlines, goals or targets. Without any goals or deadlines there is no need for the staff to achieve a certain amount of productivity such as producing/finishing a specific amount of work. Therefore I agree with McClelland that there is a motivational need for achievement to motivate staff and this can lead to improved productivity and performance. Many large companies such as Halfolds and MacDonald’s believe that Achievement motivates staff and they have reward systems in place to motivate their staff. By achieving a good performance or a certain level of productivity they can earn rewards, if a worker meets the requirements they may get praise or a reward from their leader there also may be an incentive for the staff member to achieve their/these targets of which motivates them to work harder therefore increasing productivity by McClelland’s motivational need for Achievement. But also when a staff member meets their work goals, targets or deadlines this may improve job satisfaction as they would know they have done well and their standard of work is sufficient to meet their goals even if there is no incentive, but an incentive for the staff to meet goals can help motivate staff further to meet their goals. †¢The Need for Power (Authority) Staff having authority or power McClelland believed would motivate staff, I believe this is because it gives the staff member a sense of importance by having authority and by would undertaking extra responsibilities that people with authority would usually undertake such as managing staff, it also enables them to motivate staff who they have authority over and therefore they can improve performance and productivity by successfully managing their staff as well as improving their job satisfaction, possibly by making changes. The Need for Affiliation (Good/Friendly Working Relationships/Being a part of a team, group, organisation etc. ) Affiliation/s in McClelland’s theory refers to staff being closely affiliated (or associated) which can refer to family, social, business or working relationships. This Affiliation is a state of being associated or affiliated, for example a staff member may be affiliated with a team or organisation and staff being in a team (therefore having affiliation with a team) McClelland believed staff may be more motivated by affiliation as they are associated with other staff who may most likely be working towards a similar outcome to themselves and as a part of a team they may wish to be or become a team player and motivate themselves and other team members. For instance I have affiliation with the University of West London Business Studies Course and as a student I am affiliated and effectively a part of a group of students, I am motivated to help other students as they wish to achieve the same outcome as me (a degree) and as I have affiliation with this group I am therefore self-motivated to achieve the same standard of work as my group or excel them and therefore I agree that there is a need for Affiliation and I believe this motivates me and my performance and productivity is improved as a direct result of Affiliation. McClelland believed that the majority of people have or show a combination of these 3 types of needs and some favour specific needs or a combination of these needs. Matching the correct needs to the person can strongly improve their work productivity, performance and behaviour but can increasing motivation therefore lead to an improvement in job satisfaction? McClelland does specify in his theory that motivation can improve performance and work productivity, but he does not specify that it can lead to improved job satisfaction but from analysing his theory above you can see that 2 Motivational needs factors in his theory (the need for authority and the need for achievement) can lead to improved job satisfaction, this is backed up by the fact that McClelland’s motivational theory shows that motivation can lead to improved performance of staff and there is a direct link between improved performance and improved job satisfaction. The 3rd factor â€Å"The Need for Affiliation† through personal experience at university and working as a part of team at various work places, I believe can also improve performance and job satisfaction). Naylor, Pritchard, Ilgen; 1980; Vroom, 1964 state that; â€Å"expectancy-based theories of motivation generally stipulate that satisfaction follows from the rewards produced by performance. † Lawler and Porter (1967) who were â€Å"expectancy theorists themselves argued that performance would lead to job satisfaction through the provision of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. As these authors noted, briefly stated, good performance may lead to rewards, which in turn lead to satisfaction. † The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review 2001, 376-379, American Psychological Association, Inc, 3 I can conclude that leaders can motivate there staff using motivational theories such as McClelland’s Motivational Needs Theory in order to improve productivity and job satisfaction. I have also came up with my own theory based on McClelland’s Motivational Needs theory and the work of Naylor, Pritchard, Ilgen; 1980; Vroom, 1964, Lawler and Porter (1967). Josh Albright’s (2014) Motivational Flow Theory I agree with McClelland’s theory; which I have discovered to some extent also agrees with other theorists (such as Naylor, Pritchard, Ilgen, Vroom, Lawler and Porter) that motivation leads to improved performance (productivity) and job satisfaction, In order to increase job satisfaction and productivity you must increase motivation. The diagram I drew below shows that the more motivation is increased or â€Å"poured into staff† the more job satisfaction and productivity will thereby be increased.